Studies on framing

This study used neuroimaging to evaluate frames in a dual-process model. The emotionally fast processors (X) were much more susceptible to framing effects and rigidly adhered to set frames. Whereas the slower, reflective types (C) much less so. This does not mean that C can operate without frames, since they seem required for processing in the first place. It just seems to indicate that C is more flexible in adjusting or expanding frames based on evidence.

And this study questions the emotional/thought dual process dichotomy: "Such work provides an intriguing potential counterpoint to the standard dual-process view of the framing effect: frame-biased choices are best characterized not by high emotion but by low cognitive engagement." It pretty much comes down to lazy v. engaged thinkers.